Etch A Sketch
Type	Drawing toy
Company	Ohio Art Company (1960–2016) Spin Master (2016–present)
Country	France, but American-manufactured and Canadian-owned
Availability	1960–present
Official website

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Etch A Sketch is a mechanical drawingtoy invented by André Cassagnes of France and subsequently manufactured by the Ohio Art Company^[1] and now owned by Spin Master of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Today in class we used Python to create an Etch A Sketch. It took a lot of trial and error to get everything in the code completely correct. We needed to define many. The Etch A Sketch is a classic drawing toy that was invented in the late 1950s and is still popular today. The toy originally sold for $2.99, which is equivalent to about $26 as of 2019. The Etch A Sketch sold over 60,000 units in just a year and became one of the most popular toys on the market. An Etch-A-Sketch is a simple machine where the knobs end up moving a string from side to side and another from top to bottom. If the strings stretch or for any reason slip, you will get the behavior that you describe. Other than opening up the unit and replacing the string, there is not much that can be done.

An Etch A Sketch has a thick, flat gray screen in a red plastic frame. There are two white knobs on the front of the frame in the lower corners. Twisting the knobs moves a stylus that displaces aluminum powder on the back of the screen, leaving a solid line. The knobs create lineographic images. The left control moves the stylus horizontally, and the right one moves it vertically.

The Etch A Sketch was introduced near the peak of the Baby Boom on 12 July 1960 for $2.99 (equivalent to $26 in 2019).^[2] It went on to sell 600,000 units^[2] that year and is one of the best known toys of that era. In 1998, it was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong, in Rochester, New York. In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Etch A Sketch one of the 100 most memorable toys of the 20th century.^[3] The Etch A Sketch has since sold over 100 million units world wide.^[4]

Mechanics[edit]

Basic mechanism of operating a 2-dimensional plotter. The numbered components correspond to those that move the stylus horizontally, and the lettered components with those that move it vertically. The device has ten pulleys, six cables, two rails, and a stylus. Pulley 1 (single-groove) connects to pulley 2 (triple-groove) via a short infinite reciprocating cable. Pulley 2 connects to 3 (double-groove) via a longer reciprocating cable attached along its upper course to one end of the vertical rail (6), and then a third cable runs from 2 to 3, 4, and 5 (4 and 5 are single-groove) via another much longer loop of cable between 4 and 5 to the other end of the vertical rail. Likewise, A connects to B, B connects to C and attaches to the horizontal rail (F), and finally B connects to C, D, and E, attaching to F at its other end between D and E. Turning pulley 1 counterclockwise makes 2 rotate the same way, and this makes all pulleys connected to 2 (3, 4, and 5) do the same. The rail these cables connect to (6, connection points marked in red) move to the left both at ends, making the stylus move in the same direction along the other rail (F). Clockwise movement of pulley 1 has the opposite effect. Pulleys A-E operate the same as 1-5, and act on the horizontal rail (F) to slide the stylus up and down along the vertical one (6).

The toy is a kind of plotter. The inside surface of the glass screen is coated with aluminium powder, which is then scraped off by a movable stylus, leaving a dark line on the light gray screen. The stylus is controlled by the two large knobs, one of which moves it vertically and the other horizontally. Turning both knobs simultaneously makes diagonal lines. To erase the picture, the user turns the toy upside down and shakes it. Doing this causes polystyrene beads to smooth out and re-coat the inside surface of the screen with aluminum powder. The 'black' line merely exposes the darkness inside the toy. Scraping out large 'black' areas allows enough light through to expose parts of the interior.

History[edit]

The Etch A Sketch toy was invented in the late 1950s by André Cassagnes,^[5]^[6]^[7] an electrician with Lincrusta Co, who named the toy L'Écran Magique (The Magic Screen).^[2] In 1959, he took his drawing toy to the International Toy Fair in Nuremberg, Germany. The Ohio Art Company saw it but had no interest in the toy. When Ohio Art saw the toy a second time, they decided to take a chance on the product. L'Écran Magique was soon renamed the Etch A Sketch and became the most popular drawing toy in the business. After a complex series of negotiations, The Ohio Art Company launched the toy in the United States in time for the 1960 Christmas season with the name 'Etch A Sketch'. Ohio Art supported the toy with a televised advertising campaign.^[8]

Originally, the toy used a plate glass screen, which was criticized by safety advocates for being easily broken and a danger to children.^[9] In November 1970, Consumers Union filed a petition with the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, asking for emergency action under the 1969 Child Protection and Toy Safety Act.^[10] The Food and Drug Administration responded that the toy had been redesigned, replacing the glass plate with plastic.^[11]

In 1995, the Etch A Sketch toy was featured in the 1995 Disney/Pixar animated film Toy Story, in a scene where a sentient one performs a 'quick draw' duel with Sheriff Woody. This 12-second feature had been enough to give a significant sales boost, requiring the production line to work overtime to meet demand. By 1999, the company had again fallen into severe financial trouble from canceled orders of various products, reaching a point where the solvency of the company was in question. However, the company recovered with the prudent decision to agree to again have an Etch A Sketch appear in an animated feature film – this time in 1999 sequelToy Story 2. This scene featured an Etch A Sketch being used to present sketches related to the investigation of Sheriff Woody was kidnapped by Al McWhiggin the toy collector and the owner of Al's Toy Barn. At 45 seconds, the scene in question was much longer than the scene in the original movie. The exposure from the highly successful Pixar movie resulted in sales of the toy increasing by 20 percent and ensured the survival of the company.^[12]^[13]

Etch A Sketch was manufactured in Bryan, Ohio until the company moved the manufacturing plant to Shenzhen, China in 2001.^[14]

In France, its country of origin, Etch A Sketch was sold under the name of 'Télécran',^[15] rather than L'Écran Magique.

In February 2016, the rights to the Etch A Sketch name and design were acquired by Toronto-based Spin Master Corporation.^[16]

Etch A Sketch Animator[edit]

The Etch A Sketch Animator

The Etch A Sketch Animator (known simply as 'The Animator' in Canada and Europe), debuted in 1987,^[8] and featured a low-resolution dot matrix display and used two knobs for drawing, like a regular Etch A Sketch, with several buttons to manipulate the drawings. The initial price was $89.99. It had a few kilobytes of memory, capable of storing 12 frames of pictures in any combination up to 96 times. It contained a speaker, which made static-like sounds when the knobs were moved and during animations.^[17]

Etch A Sketch Animator 2000[edit]

The Etch A Sketch Animator 2000

A cartridge for an Etch A Sketch Animator 2000

In 1988, Ohio Art made an attempt to get into the computer/entertainment market by introducing a more advanced version

Etch A Sketchunblocked Evrything